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Networks as Media for Free Spee
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1994-09-02
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Topic 335 Networks as Media for Free Speech
visionary cyberculture zone 12:33 PM Mar 12, 1994
(at peg.UUCP)
From: <peg!visionary>
From: aldis@kralizec.zeta.org.au
This is a short article I wrote for the October 1993 issue of the Free
Speech Committee's newsletter. It is aimed at the non-technical reader,
and deals with the Internet as a medium for news and discussion. It
analyses the differences between this new medium and the more traditional
ones, in terms of freedom of expression.
The article may be freely reproduced for non-profit purposes, provided
that authorship is acknowledged. The address of the Free Speech Comittee
is P.O. Box 55-S, Bexley South, 2207, Australia.
The Last Frontier
by Aldis Ozols
There is only one international medium in which free speech presently
reigns supreme, a medium which will be the main battleground for
determining the rights of expression we will possess in the new century.
Yet this medium has grown and blossomed in relative obscurity, with few
of those in authority even aware of its existence.
The anarchic world of computer networks is one in which every participant
is effectively a publisher with a potential audience in the millions, in
which the words of the humblest subscriber can cross international
boundaries to affect readers in nations far away - all without official
sanction. The largest such network, Internet, has over one and a half
million regular readers and is more than doubling in size each year.
Very soon these networks will seriously threaten the monopoly on public
discourse held by the conventional mass media, and at that point the
struggle for control will begin in earnest.
What makes this digital revolution any different from the earlier advent
of radio and television, with their own promises of a new era? Several
factors combine to give data networking the potential to change the
nature of human communication as much as the invention of the printing
press.
Of these, perhaps the most important is connectivity. Conventional mass
media such as newspapers provide a one-way flow of information, from a
small group of privileged people to a large group of readers. Readers
are not on an equal footing with editors or press owners, who can
arbitrarily decide whether news and opinion will be reported or
suppressed. This one-to-many conectivity is in contrast to that of the
emerging networks, which for the first time allow effective many-to-many
communication over an area greater than a town hall. In this new medium,
each participant has the ability to publish his or her views, and to
reply in public to those of others. The contributions of each subscriber
are circulated to the all the others, and can also be preserved for
future reference.
Where conventional media offer pronouncements from on high, computer
networking is more like a series of ongoing public conversations between
a variety of people across the globe. It provides a robust forum for
news and debate which is not subject to the control of any single group,
and which is wide open to minorities and to those with unpopular views.
Another new factor is the degree of choice which is available to network
news consumers. Computer technology gives individuals unparalleled
ability to select the information they wish to receive. From the
thousands of articles published each day, users can choose to read only
those within certain topic groups, or those from particular authors or
locations, or those which contain specific words or phrases. There is no
need to wade through the pages of a newspaper looking for items of
interest, or patiently listen to the radio while waiting for that special
news item. Individuals also have the ability to refuse to receive
information from specified sources, or that which is undesirable or
offensive, without affecting the ability of others to receive the same
information.
A fully fledged digital network combines the immediacy of television with
the depth of a magazine, while allowing the exposure of a breadth of
viewpoints which is impossible for the older media to achieve. High
capacity data links allow messages on the major networks to cross the
world in minutes. These messages are mostly written, but new technology
will soon put transmission of video and audio messages within the reach
of the common user.
Typically, written articles are published in one or more virtual areas,
called 'newsgroups' , which deal with particular topics. By monitoring
selected newsgroups, readers can follow worldwide news and discussion in
their favourite areas of interest. A reader may then choose to respond
to an article with public comments, and others can reply in turn.
Much public network communication is therefore in the form of lengthy
discussions, with many digressions and branching topics, and not a few
rude criticisms, or 'flames'. The result resembles a multitude of
ongoing public seminars running twenty-four hours a day, delivering equal
proportions of information, opinion, myth, abuse, and humour. There is
nothing like it in any other medium.
Much of this is made possible by the decentralised architecture of the
largest networks. Internet is not a single organisation, but a vast
collection of small, independent networks linked by common protocols.
There is no central authority, and any rules are maintained only by
common consent. Many sites are joined to others by a variety of links,
and do not dependent on anyone's approval for the ability to pass
messages. This makes censorship a very difficult proposition.
Not that governments and other undesirables won't try. Already the
unique freedom of the nets is under attack from various groups which seek
to limit expression. At the same time, networks are growing so rapidly
that it is difficult even to keep track of their contents, let alone
control them. The network creators and operators are almost fanatically
dedicated to free speech, and have a far more thorough understanding of
the new technologies than those who would regulate them.
These technologies will be available to almost every citizen in the
developed world by the end of the century, and the contest for control
will be the most important issue for free speech in the coming decade.